In-Depth
Choosing the Right Backup Tape
With the drop in hard drive prices, many system administrators are faced with more data to back up than before.
- By Douglas Mechaber
- November 01, 2001
With the drop in hard drive prices, many system administrators are faced
with more data to back up than before. It may well be time to think about
wholesale upgrades to your tape storage systems. The table lists some
popular backup tape formats. Other formats (such as Ecrix’s VXA1, Onstream’s
ADR, and Tandberg’s SLR) haven’t caught on, probably because other OEMs
haven’t adapted these formats. Mammoth’s (Exabyte) helical scan 8mm format
has faded in popularity and seems to be losing the battle with AIT (Advanced
Intelligent Tape). The members of the AIT Forum (www.aittape.com/)
argue that its design makes AIT drives more reliable than Mammoth-type
drives, but Exabyte obviously disagrees with this. Exabyte provides a
white paper (www.exabyte.com/support/online/documentation/
whitepapers/costown.cfm) that has a good discussion of costs of tapes,
drives and doing backup, though it’s slanted toward Exabyte. Exabyte has
announced plans to “merge” with Ecrix, as the VXA-1 and Mammoth markets
are largely separate.
Tape
Type |
Capacity
Uncompressed/
Compressed |
Transfer
Rate/
Interface |
DAT-DOS |
2GB/4GB |
SCSI-I/II; 0.4MB/s |
DAT-D3S 2 |
4GB/8GB |
SCSI-II; 0.8MB/s |
DAT-DDS 3 |
12GB/24GB |
2MB/s |
DAT-DDS 4 |
20GB/40GB |
3MB to 4.8MB/s |
AIT-1 |
35GB/90GB |
4MB/s native; fast wide SCSI-II |
AIT-2 |
50GB/130GB |
6MB/s; ultrawide SCSI, LVD |
AIT-3 (planned) |
100GB/260GB |
12MB/s |
DLT IIIXT |
15GB/30GB |
1.5MB/s |
DLT IV/DLT 4000 drive |
20GB/40GB |
1.5MB/s |
DLT IV/DLT 7000 drive |
35GB/70GB |
5MB/s |
DLT IV/DLT 8000 drive |
40GB/80GB |
6MB/s |
Super DLT (SDLT 220) |
110GB/220GB |
11MB/s |
Linear Tape Opne LTO Ultrium |
100GB/200GB |
10MB to 20MB/s |
|
Older formats (remember QIC tapes?) aren’t even large enough for small
home computers these days. Travan tapes were supposed to solve that problem;
but they, too, have been outgrown. The Travan format that does have 20GB
capacity, Travan NS, is difficult to find. Cost and convenience lead most
small system owners to utilize Jaz; Zip; and, increasingly, CD-RW for
backup rather than tape.
As a system administrator, how should you choose? Obviously, capacity
is paramount, but backward compatibility may also be a factor. If so,
then Super DLT may be a logical choice, as SDLT drives will read (and
write) to older DLT tapes. DDS drives are also backward-compatible with
older DDS formats. Tape cost may also be a factor: Recent online prices
are about $140 each for SDLT tapes, Ultrium tapes are around $110, AIT
tapes are approximately $70, DLT tapes cost from $50 to $80, and DDS tapes
range from about $12 to $40 (depending on capacity). DDS drives are still
popular in the OEM market, though the DDS developers (Sony, HP and Seagate)
have announced they wouldn’t develop a DDS-5 format. They will, however,
continue to suppport existing units. Both DLT (as SDLT, by Quantum) and
Linear Tape Open in the Ultrium format (developed by Seagate, HP and IBM)
have clear upgrade paths for increased capacity and speed. The Ultrium
consortium (www.ultrium.com) plans an eight-fold increase when it releases
its fourth-generation product. That will provide an 800GB/1.6TB capacity
tape, with an uncompressed transfer speed of 80 to160 MB/s—and double
that for compressed files. Quantum has similar plans for SDLT’s migration
to super capacity tapes. An 11-magazine Seagate autoloader built on Ultrium
technology presently has a 2.2 TB capacity, and future generations will
continue to increase that capacity.
The factor that many sysadmins miss when choosing a tape drive is reliability.
Error rates for data reliability are comparable for most formats above
(one error in 1017 bits), with the exception of DDS (one error in 1015
bits). However, it’s been my experience that, within a two-year window,
an inordinate number of DLT drives fail at the hardware level. AIT drives
have one of the best MTBF rates on the market, but the tape is about the
same price as DLT.
Another important point to consider is restore speed; when you need a
server restored, you need it restored as quickly as possible. AIT tapes
have a built-in memory chip, making searching for files on AIT tapes considerably
faster than searching on DLT tapes. DDS drives seem more reliable than
DLT drives, but the DAT tapes they use are subject to rapid failure. This
phenomena seems quite batch dependent; but, on average, over the past
few years, I’ve seen one in 10 to one in 20 DAT tapes fail prematurely.
On several occasions, I have seen multiple DAT tapes within a batch fail
quickly, but haven’t noted this problem with DLT tapes.
Ultrium has the clear performance advantage over SDLT, while SDLT has
backward compatibility. DDS drives range from approximately $400 to $800,
but are at the end of their product life. AIT drives are more than $3,000,
Mammoth drives are about $4,000, and DLTs vary in price (depending on
capacity) but are in the $5,000 range. Ultrium drives and SDLT drives
may also be found in the $5,000 range. But remember: Drive cost is minimal
compared to cost of tape, personnel, and potential lost productivity.